کارآفرینی در علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی: مرور نظام‌مند پژوهش‌های یک دهه اخیر با تأکید بر اشتغال‌زایی، خوداتکایی و ارتقای جایگاه رشته
کلمات کلیدی:
کارآفرینی, علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی, اشتغال‌زایی, خوداتکایی, مرور نظاممندچکیده
هدف این پژوهش، مرور نظام‌مند و تحلیل انتقادی پژوهش‌های کارآفرینی در علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی طی سال‌های 2015 تا 2025 با تمرکز بر اشتغال‌زایی، خوداتکایی، عوامل مؤثر، چارچوب‌های نظری، رویکردهای روش‌شناختی و شکاف‌های پژوهشی این حوزه بود. پژوهش با روش مرور نظام‌مند و بر مبنای پروتکل Kitchenham و دستورالعمل PRISMA انجام شد. جستجو در پایگاه‌های Scopus، Web of Science، Noormags و SID و منابع مکمل Google Scholar، Cochrane Library و Magiran برای مطالعات منتشرشده در فاصله 2015 تا 2025 صورت گرفت. از میان 1,996 رکورد اولیه، 40 مقاله پس از غربالگری وارد تحلیل نهایی شدند. کیفیت مطالعات با ابزار پنج‌معیاری Q1–Q5 ارزیابی شد و ضریب کاپای کوهن 0.85، توافق بالای ارزیابان را نشان داد؛ 34 مقاله دارای کیفیت بالا و 6 مقاله دارای کیفیت متوسط بودند. داده‌ها با آمار توصیفی، کدگذاری سه‌سطحی و تحلیل ابرواژگان ترکیب و تحلیل شدند. ترکیب شواهد نشان داد تمرکز ادبیات عمدتاً بر کارآفرینی دانشگاهی و آموزشی و اشتغال‌زایی قرار داشته، در حالی که خوداتکایی به‌عنوان سازه‌ای مستقل تقریباً مغفول مانده است. فقدان چارچوب نظری در 45% مطالعات و شیوع بیشتر آن در پژوهش‌های ایرانی، همراه با غلبه مطالعات مقطعی، تک‌کشوری و عمدتاً نظری، نشان‌دهنده ضعف انسجام نظری و روش‌شناختی حوزه بود. شش دسته عامل آموزشی و برنامه‌درسی، حمایتی و محیطی، فردی و روان‌شناختی، ساختاری و سازمانی، فناورانه و زمینه‌ای به‌عنوان عوامل محوری کارآفرینی شناسایی شدند. همچنین، پوشش بسیار محدود هوش مصنوعی و فقدان موضوعات مرتبط با آن در مطالعات ایرانی، شکاف فناورانه برجسته‌ای را آشکار کرد. ادبیات کارآفرینی در علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، باوجود رشد کمّی، همچنان از پراکندگی نظری، غلبه طرح‌های مقطعی و کمبود مطالعات فناورانه و کاربردی رنج می‌برد. پیشرفت این حوزه مستلزم حرکت از مطالعات توصیفی به مدل‌های تبیینی، طولی، چندبعدی و بومی، بازنگری برنامه‌های درسی، توسعه زیرساخت‌های کارآفرینی و تعریف و سنجش مستقل خوداتکایی است.
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