Integrating Entrepreneurship into Architectural Education: A Systematic Review of Global Pedagogical Models within the Creative Economy Framework
Keywords:
Interdisciplinary, Growth centers, Architectural business ecosystem, Educational innovation, Integrated educational model, Architectural content production, Architectural education, Project-based learning, Creative economy, EntrepreneurshipAbstract
This study aims to systematically identify, classify, and analyze global models of integrating entrepreneurship into architectural education and to extract adaptable components within the creative economy framework. This research adopted a systematic review design following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted across major international and Persian databases covering the period 2000–2025. From 480 initial records, after duplicate removal and multi-stage screening, 20 eligible studies were selected and thematically analyzed using MAXQDA software. Inferential analysis revealed that entrepreneurial architectural education models are structured around three interrelated dimensions: an educational dimension emphasizing interdisciplinary, project-based studios; a content dimension focusing on architectural content creation as a cultural and economic product; and a support dimension consisting of institutional infrastructures, incubators, and strong university–industry linkages. Together, these dimensions enhance creative capacity, economic value creation, and professional sustainability of future architects. The findings indicate that contemporary architectural education within the creative economy must transcend conventional design instruction and systematically cultivate entrepreneurial, content-producing, and institutionally supported architects.
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References
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Abbasnezhad, A., Hosseini, S. M., Saeeidi, P., & Mostaghimi, M. (2019). Fitting the entrepreneurship development model with Graduate Employment Recruitment Approach. Entrepreneurship and sustainable agricultural development, 7(3), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.52547/irtvto.7.27.1
Adegbile, M. B. (2018). Entrepreneurial education and training for architects. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 34(4), 495-510. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJE-07-2017-0072
Almeida, F., & Morais, J. (2021). Strategies for Developing Soft Skills Among Higher Engineering Courses. Journal of Education, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574211016417
Anderson, J., & Koenig, J. (2019). Assessing 21st Century Skills: Summary of a Workshop. National Research Council of the Academics, The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13215/assessing-21st-century-skills-summary-of-a-workshop
Asgari, A., Nasir Salami, S. M., Soltanzadeh, H., & Hashemnejad Shirazi, H. (2019). Exploring the skill priorities of the undergraduate architecture education system (comparative analysis among ten top architecture schools in Iran and the world). 12(29), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2020.102369
Azizi, A., & Nadri, S. (2023). Investigating the effective indicators on modern architectural education in third-generation universities. Journal of New Architectural Research. https://rau.soore.ac.ir/article_255081.html
Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, R. D. (2020). Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures. Pearson. https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/entrepreneurship-successfully-launching-new-ventures/P200000010335/9780138287696?srsltid=AfmBOoqoGDs9sEN4u1ISAs3se0NrfmXcJjxD5t1BLldL4zWSJeAhnsbk
Breen, J. (2020). Entrepreneurship in the Creative Industries: How Innovative Architects Build Careers. Springer. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/entrepreneurship-in-the-creative-industries/24094182
Bridgstock, R. (2019). Creative Graduate Pathways Within and Beyond the Creative Industries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315317786
Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., Manso-Vázquez, M., Mikic-Fonte, F. A., Llamas-Nistal, M., Fernández-Iglesias, M., & Tsalapatas, H. (2021). Teaching Soft Skills in Engineering Education: An European Perspective. IEEE Access, 9, 29222-29242. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3059516
Cheng, F. (2024). Aesthetics in architecture: unity of form, function and meaning. Trans/Form/Ação: Unesp journal of philosophy, 47(4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380266892_Aesthetics_in_architecture_unity_of_form_function_and_meaning
Cheng, Y. W. (2018). Fostering innovation through collaborative design and entrepreneurial education among architecture students. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 28(4), 925-943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-017-9415-8
Davis, H. G. (2018). An exploration of entrepreneurial skills in architecture education: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Education and Work, 31(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2017.1386711
Elshater, A. (2018). The power of photography in urban design discipline: a module catalogue. International Journal of Architectural Research (Archnet-IJAR), 12(2), 182-208. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i2.1594
Eshraghi, P., & Jam, A. (2023). Assessing the views of consulting engineering companies on hard and soft skills in hiring recent architecture graduates. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 14(25), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.322086.1839
Esmaeili, M., Mahtavi, M., & Abdol Mohammadi, M. (2022). Investigating the effective indicators on modern architectural education in third-generation universities using the Delphi method: A case study of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning at Soore University. Journal of Architectural and Urban Studies, 1(2), 23-35. https://rau.soore.ac.ir/article_255081.html
Florida, R. (2020). The Rise of the Creative Class, Revisited. New York: Basic Books. https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/richard-florida/the-rise-of-the-creative-class-revisited/9781541617742/
Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2023). Developing the entrepreneurial university: Architecture and institutional theory. Academia.edu Working Paper. https://www.academia.edu/108554518
Jomhoriy, M. A. (2022). Report on the state of entrepreneurship in the fields of art and architecture.
Khajepour, H., Saghafi, M., Karimnia, S., & Piravi Vank, M. (2021). Structural methods and criteria affecting architectural education in Iran. Islamic Art Studies, 42, 135-152. https://doi.org/10.22034/ias.2020.234149.1258
Khodai, F. (2021). An analysis of employers' needs in the field of architecture. Journal of Art and Architecture, 11(43), 5-20.
Khodeir, L. N. (2020). Changing skills for architecture students employability: Analysis of job market versus architecture education in Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(3), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.11.006
Kraus, S. B. (2023). Business models in creative industries: A systematic review of architectural practice. Creativity and Innovation Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12542
Lazaro, A. G. (2021). The impact of entrepreneurship education on architectural students' career paths: A case study. Journal of Architectural Education, 75(1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2020.1837401
Lima, E. (2020). Aesthetics in architecture: Unity of form, function and meaning. Trans/Form/Ação: Revista de Filosofia, 43(2), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4626.189
Rahimi, K. (2022). Innovative architectural education in Iran. Journal of Higher Education, 14(4), 1-24.
Roushan, M., Pirbabayi, M., & Kei Nejad, M. (2024). An introduction to the entrepreneurship approach in contemporary Iranian architecture (emphasizing the problems and challenges of architecture as opportunities for architectural entrepreneurship). Scientific Journal of the Center for Art, Architecture, and Urban Studies. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_198611_en.html
Sheibani, A. (2018). The concept of the aesthetic features in architectural design. Zenodo Research Papers, 2(1), 22-36. https://zenodo.org/records/2022087/files/10009837.pdf
Sun, J., Sarker, M. N. I., & Yi, F. (2025). Synergizing Professional and Entrepreneurship Education in Chinese Private Colleges: A Grounded Theory Approach. Sage Open, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251367513
Suresh, T. S. (2025). Contemporary Insights and Future Outlook of Entrepreneurship Education and Training in India. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 10(36s), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i36s.6310
Vosloo, S. (2019). The role of entrepreneurship in creative education. South African Journal of Higher Education. https://www.elgaronline.com/abstract/edcoll/9781781004425/9781781004425.00022.xml
Wang, J. K. (2020). Rethinking architectural education: Integrating entrepreneurship into design curricula. International Journal of Architectural Research, 14(2), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v14i2.938
Widodo, W., Baswedan, A. R., Suyata, P., & Saputra, W. N. E. (2025). Entrepreneurship Education in Vocational Schools: An Indonesian Model. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere), 14(1), 373. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v14i1.32317
Wilson, N. (2021). Journal of Architectural Education. https://www.jaeonline.org/
Winarno, A., Aini, D. N., Fuad, M., & Salleh, N. H. M. (2025). The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Education, Social Institutions and Business Experience to the Growth of Small and Medium Industries (Malang Regency Case, Indonesia). JLSDGR, 5(5), e06432. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n05.pe06432
Zou, D. W. (2021). Bridging business and design: Developing entrepreneurial talent in architectural education. Design Studies, 72, 100-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2020.09.003
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Published
1404-10-01
Submitted
1404-04-03
Revised
1404-07-03
Accepted
1404-07-10
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How to Cite
Razavi Dehkordi, S. A., & Matin, M. . . (1404). Integrating Entrepreneurship into Architectural Education: A Systematic Review of Global Pedagogical Models within the Creative Economy Framework. Intelligent Learning and Management Transformation, 3(5), 1-19. https://jilmt.com/index.php/jilmt/article/view/85
