Developing a Virtual Educational Supervision and Guidance Model for Primary Schools
Keywords:
Educational supervision, Virtual supervision, Primary schools, Smart educational supervision, Structural equation modelingAbstract
The present study aimed to design and validate a comprehensive virtual educational supervision and guidance model for primary schools using a mixed-methods approach. This study employed an exploratory mixed-methods design consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, a research synthesis method was used to identify components of virtual educational supervision through systematic screening, analysis, and coding of relevant studies, resulting in 61 final codes categorized into four main dimensions and sixteen components. In the quantitative phase, a descriptive–survey method was conducted among public primary school principals in Isfahan. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire derived from qualitative findings. Content validity was confirmed through expert evaluation, and construct validity and reliability were verified using confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was applied for inferential data analysis. Results of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling demonstrated satisfactory model fit and statistically significant relationships among the four dimensions of supervision: pre-action supervision, supervision during action, post-action supervision, and extraordinary supervision. Standardized path coefficients confirmed the effectiveness of the identified components in explaining the structure of virtual educational supervision. The findings indicate that virtual educational supervision represents an essential and effective approach for contemporary education systems and can transform supervision into a continuous, data-driven, and intelligent process in primary schools when supported by adequate technological infrastructure.
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